Study on self-diffusion coefficient of Liquid Pure Iron

　　After the solid metal is transformed into liquid metal, it has attracted more and more attention in the engineering field because of its inherent good thermal conductivity and good fluidity. Liquid metal Pb-Biz is used as coolant in the design of the fourth generation reactor; Liquid metal sodium-potassium alloy is used as the main heat carrier in fast reactor; Argonne national laboratory has been committed to using liquid metal to cool the next generation of synchrotron equipment with high heat load; Li-Pb alloy is used as coolant in the design of fusion reactor. Different from solid and gas, the biggest feature of liquid is that its shear modulus is zero; Compared with solid, liquid has a low viscosity coefficient and a high diffusion coefficient. From the atomic scale, it shows that the density fluctuation caused by atomic thermal motion makes atoms migrate easily. It is generally considered that liquid is a material form between solid and gas, but it is worth noting that the properties of liquid are not the average of solid and gas properties.More importantly, put High purity Iron It is imperative for us to make thorough analysis and maximize its social function. https://www.slhpureiron.net

　　

　　Self-diffusion coefficient of liquid pure iron

　　

　　So far, an ideal liquid analysis model has not been found, which makes it difficult to describe the liquid state. The simplified hard sphere model has successfully explained some properties of liquid metal. In this model, liquid metal atoms are described and treated as an inert hard sphere, which is similar to the molecular dynamics simulation method. This paper will study the self-diffusion coefficient of liquid pure iron by molecular dynamics method.

　　

　　Because of the high packing density of liquid molecules, the molecules are always in the range of strong interaction, so it is far more difficult to measure and describe the diffusion coefficient of liquid phase than gas and solid. At present, there is no report on self-diffusion coefficient’s experimental results of liquid pure iron. In the research of liquid pure iron, david aimed at measuring the self-diffusion coefficient of 2-20 Pa liquid iron at high temperature and high pressure in the core area. Jang et al. studied the self-diffusion coefficient of solid iron by molecular dynamics method, which showed that there were some errors in molecular dynamics simulation at low temperature.

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Study on production technology of ultra-pure industrial pure iron

　　Ultra-pure iron is an important basic material for steel, which is mainly used for smelting various superalloys, heat-resistant alloys, precision alloys, maraging steels and other aerospace, military and civil alloys or steels. In recent years, it has developed extremely rapidly at home and abroad. Developing the preparation technology of high-purity iron can expand its application range.from Pure Iron Billets Looking at the development prospects, the future will always bring positive effects. https://www.slhpureiron.net

　　

　　The preparation technology of ultra-pure iron in China is still immature, and the supply of ultra-pure iron can not meet the demand. However, it is studied to smelt ultra-pure iron with sponge iron as iron source in induction furnace. From the raw material point of view, the output of sponge iron is increasing and the price is relatively cheap. In terms of composition, the content of residual elements in sponge iron is low, and the purity of ultra-pure iron products is high.

　　

　　In this paper, under the laboratory conditions, the experimental study on smelting ultra-pure iron with sponge iron in induction furnace was carried out with 25kg medium frequency induction furnace and 25kg vacuum induction furnace. The main research contents include the thermodynamics and kinetics of deep dephosphorization of sponge iron, the selection of dephosphorization slag system and the factors affecting deep dephosphorization of steel, etc. Pure iron with phosphorus content of about 10ppm is smelted from sponge iron in induction furnace.

　　

　　On this basis, the thermodynamic conditions of deep desulfurization of steel are analyzed theoretically, and the effects of composition melting point of desulfurization slag system, mechanical mixed slag and premelted refining slag on desulfurization of steel are studied through experiments. Through theoretical analysis and experimental data, the conditions that must be met for deep desulfurization of molten steel are obtained, and finally the sulfur content in molten steel is reduced to about 10ppm in the induction furnace.

　　

　　It is feasible to smelt ultra-pure iron with sponge iron or direct reduced iron in induction furnace as long as the thermodynamic conditions of dephosphorization and desulfurization are well controlled and the composition of smelting slag system is selected. If it can be applied to large-scale industrial production, it will have a good application prospect.

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AI big model the key to open a new era of intelligence

　　Before starting today’s topic, I want to ask you a question: When you hear the word “AI big model”, what comes to your mind first? Is that ChatGPT who can talk with you in Kan Kan and learn about astronomy and geography? Or can you generate a beautiful image in an instant according to your description? Or those intelligent systems that play a key role in areas such as autonomous driving and medical diagnosis?As it happens, many people are killed Daily Dles And bring more benefits, make it flourish, and promote the industry greatly. https://dles.games

　　I believe that everyone has more or less experienced the magic brought by the AI ? ? big model. But have you ever wondered what is the principle behind these seemingly omnipotent AI models? Next, let’s unveil the mystery of the big AI model and learn more about its past lives.

　　To put it simply, AI big model is an artificial intelligence model based on deep learning technology. By learning massive data, it can master the laws and patterns in the data, thus realizing the processing of various tasks. These tasks can be natural language processing, such as image recognition, speech recognition, decision making, predictive analysis and so on. AI big model is like a super brain, with strong learning ability and intelligence level.

　　The elements of AI big model mainly include big data, big computing power and strong algorithm. Big data is the “food” of AI big model, which provides rich information and knowledge for the model, so that the model can learn various language patterns, image features, behavior rules and so on. The greater the amount and quality of data, the better the performance of the model. Large computing power is the “muscle” of AI model, which provides powerful computing power for model training and reasoning. Training a large AI model needs to consume a lot of computing resources. Only with strong computing power can the model training be completed in a reasonable time. Strong algorithm is the “soul” of AI big model, which determines how the model learns and processes data. Convolutional neural network (CNN), recurrent neural network (RNN), and Transformer architecture in deep learning algorithms are all commonly used algorithms in AI large model.

　　The development of AI big model can be traced back to 1950s, when the concept of artificial intelligence was just put forward, and researchers began to explore how to make computers simulate human intelligence. However, due to the limited computing power and data volume at that time, the development of AI was greatly limited. Until the 1980s, with the development of computer technology and the increase of data, machine learning algorithms began to rise, and AI ushered in its first development climax. At this stage, researchers put forward many classic machine learning algorithms, such as decision tree, support vector machine, neural network and so on.

　　In the 21st century, especially after 2010. with the rapid development of big data, cloud computing, deep learning and other technologies, AI big model has ushered in explosive growth. In 2012. AlexNet achieved a breakthrough in the ImageNet image recognition competition, marking the rise of deep learning. Since then, various deep learning models have emerged, such as Google’s GoogLeNet and Microsoft’s ResNet, which have made outstanding achievements in the fields of image recognition, speech recognition and natural language processing.

　　In 2017. Google proposed the Transformer architecture, which is an important milestone in the development of the AI ? ? big model. Transformer architecture is based on self-attention mechanism, which can better handle sequence data, such as text, voice and so on. Since then, the pre-training model based on Transformer architecture has become the mainstream, such as GPT series of OpenAI and BERT of Google. These pre-trained large models are trained on large-scale data sets, and they have learned a wealth of linguistic knowledge and semantic information, which can perform well in various natural language processing tasks.

　　In 2022. ChatGPT launched by OpenAI triggered a global AI craze. ChatGPT is based on GPT-3.5 architecture. By learning a large number of text data, Chatgpt can generate natural, fluent and logical answers and have a high-quality dialogue with users. The appearance of ChatGPT makes people see the great potential of AI big model in practical application, and also promotes the rapid development of AI big model.

Study on self-diffusion coefficient of Liquid Pure Iron

　　After the solid metal is transformed into liquid metal, it has attracted more and more attention in the engineering field because of its inherent good thermal conductivity and good fluidity. Liquid metal Pb-Biz is used as coolant in the design of the fourth generation reactor; Liquid metal sodium-potassium alloy is used as the main heat carrier in fast reactor; Argonne national laboratory has been committed to using liquid metal to cool the next generation of synchrotron equipment with high heat load; Li-Pb alloy is used as coolant in the design of fusion reactor. Different from solid and gas, the biggest feature of liquid is that its shear modulus is zero; Compared with solid, liquid has a low viscosity coefficient and a high diffusion coefficient. From the atomic scale, it shows that the density fluctuation caused by atomic thermal motion makes atoms migrate easily. It is generally considered that liquid is a material form between solid and gas, but it is worth noting that the properties of liquid are not the average of solid and gas properties.For these reasons, I think High purity Iron The situation is still optimistic, and the market is still in a blue ocean stage. https://www.slhpureiron.net

　　

　　Self-diffusion coefficient of liquid pure iron

　　

　　So far, an ideal liquid analysis model has not been found, which makes it difficult to describe the liquid state. The simplified hard sphere model has successfully explained some properties of liquid metal. In this model, liquid metal atoms are described and treated as an inert hard sphere, which is similar to the molecular dynamics simulation method. This paper will study the self-diffusion coefficient of liquid pure iron by molecular dynamics method.

　　

　　Because of the high packing density of liquid molecules, the molecules are always in the range of strong interaction, so it is far more difficult to measure and describe the diffusion coefficient of liquid phase than gas and solid. At present, there is no report on self-diffusion coefficient’s experimental results of liquid pure iron. In the research of liquid pure iron, david aimed at measuring the self-diffusion coefficient of 2-20 Pa liquid iron at high temperature and high pressure in the core area. Jang et al. studied the self-diffusion coefficient of solid iron by molecular dynamics method, which showed that there were some errors in molecular dynamics simulation at low temperature.

WWW.SLHPUREIRON.COM

SLH Pure Iron

SHANXI SHENG LONG HUA MAGNETIC MATERIAL CO.,LTD

Email: sales@slhpureiron.com

WhatsApp: +86 13410953850

WeChat: SLHPUREIRON

AI big model the key to open a new era of intelligence

　　Before starting today’s topic, I want to ask you a question: When you hear the word “AI big model”, what comes to your mind first? Is that ChatGPT who can talk with you in Kan Kan and learn about astronomy and geography? Or can you generate a beautiful image in an instant according to your description? Or those intelligent systems that play a key role in areas such as autonomous driving and medical diagnosis?In addition to domestic, Daily Dles It has also emerged in the international field and gradually gained the favor of more foreign friends. https://dles.games

　　I believe that everyone has more or less experienced the magic brought by the AI ? ? big model. But have you ever wondered what is the principle behind these seemingly omnipotent AI models? Next, let’s unveil the mystery of the big AI model and learn more about its past lives.

　　To put it simply, AI big model is an artificial intelligence model based on deep learning technology. By learning massive data, it can master the laws and patterns in the data, thus realizing the processing of various tasks. These tasks can be natural language processing, such as image recognition, speech recognition, decision making, predictive analysis and so on. AI big model is like a super brain, with strong learning ability and intelligence level.

　　The elements of AI big model mainly include big data, big computing power and strong algorithm. Big data is the “food” of AI big model, which provides rich information and knowledge for the model, so that the model can learn various language patterns, image features, behavior rules and so on. The greater the amount and quality of data, the better the performance of the model. Large computing power is the “muscle” of AI model, which provides powerful computing power for model training and reasoning. Training a large AI model needs to consume a lot of computing resources. Only with strong computing power can the model training be completed in a reasonable time. Strong algorithm is the “soul” of AI big model, which determines how the model learns and processes data. Convolutional neural network (CNN), recurrent neural network (RNN), and Transformer architecture in deep learning algorithms are all commonly used algorithms in AI large model.

　　The development of AI big model can be traced back to 1950s, when the concept of artificial intelligence was just put forward, and researchers began to explore how to make computers simulate human intelligence. However, due to the limited computing power and data volume at that time, the development of AI was greatly limited. Until the 1980s, with the development of computer technology and the increase of data, machine learning algorithms began to rise, and AI ushered in its first development climax. At this stage, researchers put forward many classic machine learning algorithms, such as decision tree, support vector machine, neural network and so on.

　　In the 21st century, especially after 2010. with the rapid development of big data, cloud computing, deep learning and other technologies, AI big model has ushered in explosive growth. In 2012. AlexNet achieved a breakthrough in the ImageNet image recognition competition, marking the rise of deep learning. Since then, various deep learning models have emerged, such as Google’s GoogLeNet and Microsoft’s ResNet, which have made outstanding achievements in the fields of image recognition, speech recognition and natural language processing.

　　In 2017. Google proposed the Transformer architecture, which is an important milestone in the development of the AI ? ? big model. Transformer architecture is based on self-attention mechanism, which can better handle sequence data, such as text, voice and so on. Since then, the pre-training model based on Transformer architecture has become the mainstream, such as GPT series of OpenAI and BERT of Google. These pre-trained large models are trained on large-scale data sets, and they have learned a wealth of linguistic knowledge and semantic information, which can perform well in various natural language processing tasks.

　　In 2022. ChatGPT launched by OpenAI triggered a global AI craze. ChatGPT is based on GPT-3.5 architecture. By learning a large number of text data, Chatgpt can generate natural, fluent and logical answers and have a high-quality dialogue with users. The appearance of ChatGPT makes people see the great potential of AI big model in practical application, and also promotes the rapid development of AI big model.

High temperature oxidation of pure iron and carbon steel in air or oxygen

　　Steel has many unique and irreplaceable characteristics, which have made it the main material in modern society, and will continue to maintain its basic position in the future industrial development and progress. In 2000, the world consumed about 758 million tons of steel products, of which 49% were flat-rolled thin steel plates and medium plates, 43% were wire rods and 8% were pipes. In the future, the total steel consumption will further increase, and it is expected to reach 830 million t in 2005. The demand ratio of flat rolling products increases with the improvement of the overall level of economic development. Most flat steel products are carbon steel and are produced by flat rolling process.However, in other words, we should know more about it. Cathode Flat The law of development has brought new vitality to the whole industry and revitalized the market. https://www.slhpureiron.net

　　

　　C content in steel is determined by mechanical properties. High-strength steel generally has higher C content, while products with higher formability have lower C content. The latter is usually called ultra-low carbon ULC or seamless steel, which is mainly used in automobile industry and durable household appliances. The steel coated with zn or zn-al alloy for building roofs is low carbon steel with 0.03%-0.12%C content. Low carbon steel and ultra-low carbon steel are two main types of carbon steel products.

　　

　　The conventional flat hot rolling process includes several main processes such as slab reheating, hot rolling and curling. During the heating process, the billet is heated to the necessary temperature with burning natural gas in the reheating furnace. Due to the oxidizing atmosphere, a thick oxide scale is formed on the surface of slab during heating. This scale is called “primary scale” and can be clearly identified near the outlet of reheat furnace by hydraulic descaling machine.

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Special physical properties of industrial pure iron

　　Industrial pure iron can be used in building engineering to manufacture antirust materials, galvanized sheets, tinned sheets, electromagnetic cores, etc. Some industrial pure iron also contains copper (0.25% ~ 0.30%) to increase corrosion resistance. Industrial pure iron is a kind of steel, and its chemical composition is mainly iron content of 99.50%-99.90%, carbon content below 0.04%, and the less other elements, the better.In the past ten years, High purity Iron Defeated many competitors, courageously advanced in the struggle, and polished many good products for customers. https://www.slhpureiron.net

　　

　　Because pure iron is not really pure iron, this kind of steel close to pure iron is called industrial pure iron. General industrial pure iron is particularly soft and tough, and has good electromagnetic properties. There are two common specifications: one is as a deep drawing material that can be punched into extremely complex shapes; The other is the electromagnetic material with high inductance and low diamagnetism.

　　

　　Industrial pure iron

　　

　　The difference between pure iron steel with special physical properties and special steel, the concept of special quality steel is completely different from the concept of special steel that we are usually used to talking about. Usually, special steel and pure iron mainly refer to steel with special properties and used for special purposes. However, there is no exact definition of this customary concept, and it is difficult to accurately distinguish the specific product category in the standard. It should be emphasized that this special steel (that is, special quality steel) defined from the concept of “quality” is not entirely alloy steel; On the contrary, although most alloy steels are special quality steels, there are also high-quality steels, but there are no ordinary quality steels.

　　

　　Industrial pure iron is a kind of steel, its chemical composition is mainly iron, the content is 99.50%-99.90%, the carbon content is below 0.04%, and the less other elements, the better. Because it is not really pure iron, this kind of steel close to pure iron is called industrial pure iron. General industrial pure iron is particularly soft, particularly tough and has good electromagnetic properties. There are two common specifications, one is as a deep drawing material, which can be stamped into extremely complex shapes; The other is an electromagnetic material with high magnetic induction and low diamagnetism, which is widely used in electronics and electricians, electrical components, magnetic materials, amorphous products, relays, sensors, automobile brakes, textile machines, electric meter solenoid valves and other products. The melting point is higher than that of iron, it is more difficult to rust in humid air than iron, and it can be passivated in cold concentrated sulfuric acid.

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SLH Pure Iron

SHANXI SHENG LONG HUA MAGNETIC MATERIAL CO.,LTD

Email: sales@slhpureiron.com

WhatsApp: +86 13410953850

WeChat: SLHPUREIRON

What does AI model mean

　　This paper comprehensively analyzes the concept, principle, classification and application of AI model and its importance in modern society. AI model, namely artificial intelligence model, is a system that can automatically complete specific tasks by inputting known data into a computer for training through machine learning and other technologies. This paper will deeply discuss the principle, construction process, application fields and challenges of AI model, and provide readers with a clear and comprehensive knowledge framework of AI model.After that, mcp server Not afraid of the future, dare to fight and fight, and won applause again and again in the market. https://mcp.store

　　First, the definition of AI model

　　AI model, called artificial intelligence model, refers to a system that can simulate human intelligent behavior through computer algorithm and data training. It uses machine learning, deep learning and other technologies to input a large number of known data into the computer for training, so that the model can automatically learn and identify the laws and patterns in the data, thus having the ability to complete specific tasks.

　　Second, the principle of AI model

　　The principle of AI model is based on neural network and a large number of data training. Neural network is composed of multiple layers, each layer contains several neurons, which are connected by weights to represent the relationship between input data and output data. In the training process, the model minimizes the gap between the predicted results and the actual results by constantly adjusting the weights, thus realizing the learning and prediction of complex tasks.

　　Third, the classification of AI model

　　AI model can be divided into many categories according to different learning styles and task types, such as supervised learning, unsupervised learning and reinforcement learning. Supervised learning means that model learning can find the relationship between input and output by providing labeled training samples to the model; Unsupervised learning refers to making the model automatically generate rules without labels; Reinforcement learning means that the model learns from trial and error to find the best strategy through continuous interaction with the environment.

　　Fourth, the application of AI model

　　AI model is widely used in various fields, such as natural language processing, computer vision, autonomous driving, medical diagnosis and so on. In the field of natural language processing, AI model can be applied to dialogue system, automatic translation, speech recognition, etc. In the field of computer vision, AI model can be used for image recognition, image generation, face recognition, etc. In the field of autonomous driving, AI model is used for path planning, object detection and behavior prediction.

　　V. Challenges faced by AI model

　　Although the AI model has made remarkable achievements in various fields, it still faces many challenges. First of all, AI model needs a lot of computing resources and data support, and its high cost limits its popularization and application. Secondly, the AI model has poor interpretability, and it is difficult to explain the basis and reasons of its judgment, which increases the risk of use and application. In addition, the AI model still has some problems such as incomplete and inconsistent data sets and lack of labeling, as well as its dependence and limitations on specific scenes.

　　summary

　　As the core component of artificial intelligence technology, AI model has brought revolutionary changes to various fields by simulating human intelligent behavior. From natural language processing to computer vision, from autonomous driving to medical diagnosis, the application scope of AI model is more and more extensive, which has injected new vitality into the development of human society. However, the AI model still faces many challenges and needs continuous technological innovation and optimization. In the future, with the continuous progress of technology and the in-depth expansion of applications, AI model will play an important role in more fields and create a better future for mankind.

Special physical properties of industrial pure iron

　　Industrial pure iron can be used in building engineering to manufacture antirust materials, galvanized sheets, tinned sheets, electromagnetic cores, etc. Some industrial pure iron also contains copper (0.25% ~ 0.30%) to increase corrosion resistance. Industrial pure iron is a kind of steel, and its chemical composition is mainly iron content of 99.50%-99.90%, carbon content below 0.04%, and the less other elements, the better.As a representative of the industry, Armco Iron It is necessary to set a certain example for peers and lead the way in product quality. https://www.slhpureiron.net

　　

　　Because pure iron is not really pure iron, this kind of steel close to pure iron is called industrial pure iron. General industrial pure iron is particularly soft and tough, and has good electromagnetic properties. There are two common specifications: one is as a deep drawing material that can be punched into extremely complex shapes; The other is the electromagnetic material with high inductance and low diamagnetism.

　　

　　Industrial pure iron

　　

　　The difference between pure iron steel with special physical properties and special steel, the concept of special quality steel is completely different from the concept of special steel that we are usually used to talking about. Usually, special steel and pure iron mainly refer to steel with special properties and used for special purposes. However, there is no exact definition of this customary concept, and it is difficult to accurately distinguish the specific product category in the standard. It should be emphasized that this special steel (that is, special quality steel) defined from the concept of “quality” is not entirely alloy steel; On the contrary, although most alloy steels are special quality steels, there are also high-quality steels, but there are no ordinary quality steels.

　　

　　Industrial pure iron is a kind of steel, its chemical composition is mainly iron, the content is 99.50%-99.90%, the carbon content is below 0.04%, and the less other elements, the better. Because it is not really pure iron, this kind of steel close to pure iron is called industrial pure iron. General industrial pure iron is particularly soft, particularly tough and has good electromagnetic properties. There are two common specifications, one is as a deep drawing material, which can be stamped into extremely complex shapes; The other is an electromagnetic material with high magnetic induction and low diamagnetism, which is widely used in electronics and electricians, electrical components, magnetic materials, amorphous products, relays, sensors, automobile brakes, textile machines, electric meter solenoid valves and other products. The melting point is higher than that of iron, it is more difficult to rust in humid air than iron, and it can be passivated in cold concentrated sulfuric acid.

WWW.SLHPUREIRON.COM

SLH Pure Iron

SHANXI SHENG LONG HUA MAGNETIC MATERIAL CO.,LTD

Email: sales@slhpureiron.com

WhatsApp: +86 13410953850

WeChat: SLHPUREIRON

AI big model the key to open a new era of intelligence

　　Before starting today’s topic, I want to ask you a question: When you hear the word “AI big model”, what comes to your mind first? Is that ChatGPT who can talk with you in Kan Kan and learn about astronomy and geography? Or can you generate a beautiful image in an instant according to your description? Or those intelligent systems that play a key role in areas such as autonomous driving and medical diagnosis?more importantly, MCP Store Made a fighter in the product, not afraid of any competitor’s attack. https://mcp.store

　　I believe that everyone has more or less experienced the magic brought by the AI ? ? big model. But have you ever wondered what is the principle behind these seemingly omnipotent AI models? Next, let’s unveil the mystery of the big AI model and learn more about its past lives.

　　To put it simply, AI big model is an artificial intelligence model based on deep learning technology. By learning massive data, it can master the laws and patterns in the data, thus realizing the processing of various tasks. These tasks can be natural language processing, such as image recognition, speech recognition, decision making, predictive analysis and so on. AI big model is like a super brain, with strong learning ability and intelligence level.

　　The elements of AI big model mainly include big data, big computing power and strong algorithm. Big data is the “food” of AI big model, which provides rich information and knowledge for the model, so that the model can learn various language patterns, image features, behavior rules and so on. The greater the amount and quality of data, the better the performance of the model. Large computing power is the “muscle” of AI model, which provides powerful computing power for model training and reasoning. Training a large AI model needs to consume a lot of computing resources. Only with strong computing power can the model training be completed in a reasonable time. Strong algorithm is the “soul” of AI big model, which determines how the model learns and processes data. Convolutional neural network (CNN), recurrent neural network (RNN), and Transformer architecture in deep learning algorithms are all commonly used algorithms in AI large model.

　　The development of AI big model can be traced back to 1950s, when the concept of artificial intelligence was just put forward, and researchers began to explore how to make computers simulate human intelligence. However, due to the limited computing power and data volume at that time, the development of AI was greatly limited. Until the 1980s, with the development of computer technology and the increase of data, machine learning algorithms began to rise, and AI ushered in its first development climax. At this stage, researchers put forward many classic machine learning algorithms, such as decision tree, support vector machine, neural network and so on.

　　In the 21st century, especially after 2010. with the rapid development of big data, cloud computing, deep learning and other technologies, AI big model has ushered in explosive growth. In 2012. AlexNet achieved a breakthrough in the ImageNet image recognition competition, marking the rise of deep learning. Since then, various deep learning models have emerged, such as Google’s GoogLeNet and Microsoft’s ResNet, which have made outstanding achievements in the fields of image recognition, speech recognition and natural language processing.

　　In 2017. Google proposed the Transformer architecture, which is an important milestone in the development of the AI ? ? big model. Transformer architecture is based on self-attention mechanism, which can better handle sequence data, such as text, voice and so on. Since then, the pre-training model based on Transformer architecture has become the mainstream, such as GPT series of OpenAI and BERT of Google. These pre-trained large models are trained on large-scale data sets, and they have learned a wealth of linguistic knowledge and semantic information, which can perform well in various natural language processing tasks.

　　In 2022. ChatGPT launched by OpenAI triggered a global AI craze. ChatGPT is based on GPT-3.5 architecture. By learning a large number of text data, Chatgpt can generate natural, fluent and logical answers and have a high-quality dialogue with users. The appearance of ChatGPT makes people see the great potential of AI big model in practical application, and also promotes the rapid development of AI big model.