Beginner basic knowledge of mahjong for beginners

  The feeling is to catch up with various gatherings, family gatherings, friends gatherings, classmates gatherings, etc. At these times, the most common entertainment activity is that four friends gather together to play mahjong, talk about the work in the past year, and brag. If you are a classmate who can’t play mahjong, it will be embarrassing. Therefore, in order to avoid this situation, Xiaobian specially arranged some basic knowledge that beginners of mahjong must learn to share with you, hoping to help you quickly understand and get started with the game. Next, let’s take a look!Therefore, this is the choice BL777 Casino Login The reason, there is no denying its positive impact. https://www.bl77777.com/

  

  Basic knowledge of mahjong introduction:

  

  First, mahjong tiles

  

  1. Plate

  

   four winds: east wind, south wind, west wind and north wind;

  

   Three yuan: red, rich, whiteboard.

  

  2. Order cards

  

   10,000: 1 to 90,000;

  

  2 cakes: 1 to 9 cakes;

  

   Articles: 1 to 9.

  

  3. Flower cards

  

   Spring, summer, autumn and winter, plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum.

  

  The names of these mahjong tiles are all formal names. In some places, players have given these mahjong tiles some interesting names, such as: one is called Yaoji, the other is called nunchakus, the other is called pie, the second is called glasses, the fourth is called bench, and 90,000 is called 90,000, etc. In some places, the first and ninth mahjong tiles are collectively called Old Man tiles, and all the tiles between two and eight are called Old Man tiles.

  

  Second, the mahjong combination

  

  1, straight

  

  Three cards of the same suit with continuous count value form a straight, such as one, two, thirty thousand, six, seven, eight, four, five, six and so on;

  

  2. Pairs

  

  Two cards of the same suit with the same point value form a pair, such as thirty thousand, thirty thousand, six or six barrels, eight or eight cards, etc.

  

  3. Carving

  

  Three cards of the same suit with the same point value form an engraving, such as three, three, thirty thousand, six, six, six tubes, eight, eight, eight and so on;

  

  4, thick stick

  

  Four cards of the same suit with the same point value form a barbell, such as three, three, three, thirty thousand, six, six, six, six, eight, eight, eight, eight and so on;

  

  All these mahjong combinations are collectively called “partners”. We can make the above four partners by putting the cards in our hands together, and then put them together with the Hu card type specified in the mahjong rules.

Are Rigid and Multilayer Printed Boards the Future of Circuit Design

  The advancement of electronic devices has placed a significant demand on the capabilities of printed circuit boards (PCBs). Among the most prominent options are rigid and multilayer printed boards, which have emerged as essential components in modern circuit design. These PCBs are reshaping the future of electronics, offering innovative solutions for complex and high-performance applications.From the demand side, aluminum base pcb More in line with the psychological expectations of consumers, willing to pay for the things they like. https://www.hongmycircuits.com/

  

  Understanding Rigid and Multilayer Printed Boards

  

  Rigid printed boards are sturdy, inflexible boards commonly used in applications requiring durability and structural integrity. These boards provide a solid foundation for various electronic components and are widely used in consumer electronics, automotive systems, and industrial equipment.

  

  On the other hand, multilayer printed boards feature multiple layers of conductive material sandwiched between insulating layers. These boards are compact, versatile, and designed for high-density and high-speed circuits, making them ideal for advanced applications such as telecommunications, aerospace, and medical devices.

  

  Rigid and Multilayer Printed Boards Production of Printed Board

  

  Advantages of Rigid and Multilayer Printed Boards

  

  1.Compact Design

  

  Multilayer boards enable the integration of complex circuits within a small footprint, saving space and supporting the trend toward miniaturization in electronics.

  

  2.Enhanced Performance

  

  The layered structure of multilayer PCBs reduces interference and improves signal integrity, critical for high-speed applications.

  

  3.Durability

  

  Rigid boards excel in environments that require stability and resistance to mechanical stress.

  

  4.Versatility

  

  Both rigid and multilayer boards are adaptable to various industries, from consumer electronics to aerospace.

  

  Applications Driving Their Adoption

  

  The increasing complexity of electronic systems has driven the demand for rigid and multilayer printed boards. For instance:

  

  Automotive: Multilayer PCBs power advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and electric vehicle (EV) components.

  

  Medical: Rigid boards are used in diagnostic equipment, while multilayer boards are critical in compact medical devices.

  

  Telecommunications: Multilayer boards support high-frequency communication devices and data transfer systems.

Side View Camera Enhance Blind Spot Visibility & Safety

  In modern vehicles, safety and visibility are critical considerations, especially when it comes to blind spots. A side view camera is a revolutionary tool that enhances driver awareness, reduces accidents, and improves overall driving experience. At SPNANMA, we specialize in advanced automotive safety solutions, including state-of-the-art side view cameras. Here¨s how this technology works and its significant benefits for drivers.With the upsurge of industry development, commercial vehicle camera The expressive force in the market has also been very good, bringing many brand-new high-quality experiences to users. https://szdfpls.com

  

  side view camera

  

  Enhanced Blind Spot Coverage

  

  Traditional side mirrors have limitations, leaving blind spots that can pose risks, particularly during lane changes or turns. Side view cameras eliminate these blind spots by providing a real-time video feed of the vehicle¨s sides. This coverage ensures the driver can see areas that would otherwise go unnoticed.

  

  High-Quality Imaging for Precision

  

  SPNANMA side view cameras feature high-resolution imaging, ensuring clear visuals even in low-light conditions. Equipped with wide-angle lenses, these cameras capture an extensive field of view, significantly enhancing situational awareness.

  

  Seamless Integration with In-Vehicle Displays

  

  Our side view cameras are designed to integrate seamlessly with your vehicle¨s infotainment system or dashboard monitor. The video feed is activated when you use your turn signals, ensuring the side view is automatically displayed when needed.

  

  Improved Safety in Tight Spaces

  

  Navigating through narrow streets, tight parking spots, or congested traffic can be challenging. Side view cameras provide a detailed view of the vehicle¨s surroundings, reducing the risk of scrapes, bumps, or collisions.

  

  Durable and Weatherproof Design

  

  SPNANMA side view cameras are built to withstand harsh environmental conditions. With features like water resistance, anti-glare lenses, and robust housings, our cameras ensure reliable performance in any weather.

  

  side view camera

  

  Advantages of SPNANMA Side View Cameras

  

  Increased Driver Confidence: Know exactly what¨s happening around your vehicle.

  

  Cost-Effective Safety Solution: Reduce repair costs caused by blind spot-related accidents.

  

  Easy Installation: Designed for compatibility with a wide range of vehicles.

  

  Enhanced Aesthetics: Sleek designs that complement modern vehicle styles.

  

  Applications Beyond Cars

  

  While primarily used in cars, side view cameras are also essential for trucks, buses, and recreational vehicles (RVs). These larger vehicles have more significant blind spots, making side view cameras a critical safety feature.

How to Wash Silk Pajamas Essential Care Tips

  Silk pajamas are a luxurious and delicate addition to any wardrobe, offering comfort and elegance. However, proper care is essential to maintain their softness, shine, and durability. If you¨re wondering how to wash silk pajamas without damaging the fabric, here¨s a basic guide to ensure your silk items remain as beautiful as the first time you wore them.Down-to-earth right high quality clothing factory In-depth research is the only way to pursue development. https://molisuxin.com/

  

  Hand Washing vs. Machine Washing Silk Pajamas

  

  When it comes to washing silk pajamas, hand washing is the safest option. Gently washing the fabric in cold water with a mild detergent ensures the fibers retain their natural luster.

  

  However, if you prefer the convenience of machine washing, make sure to use a laundry bag to protect the delicate fabric. Choose a low-speed wash mode and a cold water setting to minimize the risk of damage.

  

  Choosing the Right Detergent

  

  The detergent you choose plays a significant role in how your silk pajamas hold up over time. Always opt for a mild detergent that is designed specifically for delicate fabrics. Harsh chemicals found in regular detergents can strip the silk of its natural oils, leading to wear and tear.

  

  Drying and Storing Silk Pajamas

  

  After washing, avoid wringing your silk pajamas, as this can distort the fabric. Instead, gently press out excess water with a towel and lay them flat to dry. Never use a tumble dryer, as high heat can damage the silk fibers. Store your silk pajamas in a cool, dry place, and consider using a breathable garment bag to protect them from dust and light exposure.

  

  Additional Tips for Silk Care

  

  Cold Water Only: Always wash silk pajamas in cold water to preserve the fabric¨s color and texture.

  

  Avoid Direct Sunlight: Dry your silk pajamas away from direct sunlight to prevent fading and weakening of the fabric.

  

  Ironing Silk Pajamas: If necessary, iron your silk pajamas on the lowest heat setting while the fabric is slightly damp to avoid damage.

  

  Why Silk Pajamas from MoLi are Worth the Care

  

  MoLi offers a wide range of custom silk pajamas that provide both style and comfort. With proper care, these luxurious items can last for years, making them a great investment. Our customized pajama options allow you to add personal touches that make your sleepwear unique, whether it¨s embroidery, specific designs, or fabric choices. Our team ensures the highest quality silk, giving you an unparalleled wearing experience.

  

  Conclusion

  

  Taking the time to properly care for your silk pajamas will ensure they remain in excellent condition, allowing you to enjoy their comfort and beauty for years to come. Whether you prefer hand washing or machine washing, always follow the correct care guidelines to maintain the silk¨s luxurious feel. Remember, how to wash silk pajamas is all about using the right tools, settings, and precautions. MoLi¨s custom silk pajamas are designed to be both stylish and durable, giving you the perfect blend of luxury and comfort.

WHAT IS DIAGNOSTIC TROUBLE CODES (DTCS)

  When the PCM recognizes and identifies a problem a DTC for that fault is stored in its memory. These codes are intended to help you determine the root cause of the failure. The diagnostic codes that are required by law on all OBDII systems are standardized and all vehicle manufacturers use the same common code list. This means the misfire code P0300 represents the same failure on a Chevy, Chrysler, Ford, or Toyota.According to related reports, obd2 reader To a large extent, it leads the changes of market conditions. https://lonauto.com/

  

  OBD II DTCs consist of a five-digit alphanumeric code. The DTC format and general code types are shown in this chart.

  

  OBD II emissions related DTCs are from the powertrain and begin with P0xxx. P1xxx codes refer to manufacturer specific codes which often cover areas that are not emissions related and may not cause the check engine light to illuminate.

  

  For P0xxx codes, the third character in the code identifies the system where the fault occurred. Numbers 1 and 2 are for fuel or air metering problems, 3 is for ignition problems or engine misfire, 4 is for auxiliary emission controls, 5 relates to idle speed control problems, 6 is for computer or output circuit faults, and 7 and 8 relate to transmission problems. Failures occurring in non-powertrain systems such as ABS, HVAC (Bxxxx, Cxxxx, Uxxxx codes) may be retrieved through the OBDII diagnostic link connector but do not illuminate the check engine light and are not involved with (NYVIP2) emissions inspections.

  

  If the PCM commands the check engine light to illuminate there will be at least one P0xxx code stored in memory. However, in some cases you can have a situation where there is a P0xxx code in memory and the check engine light is not commanded to be illuminated. These codes are referred to as pending or maturing codes. Pending codes are caused by intermittent faults or faults that the PCM needs to see happen in two consecutive warm-up cycles to set the code. If the fault does not reappear within 40 warm-up cycles, the code will be cleared from memory. If the fault reappears for the specified number of times, the code will then mature into a diagnostic trouble code (DTC) and the PCM will command the check engine light to illuminate.

  

  When a pending code is stored in the PCMs memory, freeze frame data is also captured. The freeze frame data will give the repair professional the actual operating conditions that were occurring when the fault triggered. This data allows for duplication of conditions so you can hopefully isolate the fault. The pending code feature is also helpful in trying to figure out why a particular system monitor will not set. The component or process that is the subject of the pending code is often involved as part of the enabling criteria to successfully complete a monitor.

Development of optical fiber communication technology

  The development of optical fiber communication technology has greatly promoted the development of information transmission and played a vital role in promoting the arrival of the information age. Based on the discussion of optical fiber communication and its related concepts, this paper focuses on the development, application and future trend of optical fiber communication technology, and summarizes the significance of this research, so as to complete the research on the development, application and prospect of optical fiber communication technology.pass optical cable As can be seen from its market performance, it has strong vitality and strong appeal. https://www.fibercan-network.com/

  

  Optical fiber is an important medium, which can realize low loss of light propagation, which is of great significance for restoring input information and realizing low loss transmission of information. Because the development of optical fiber communication technology in China is in its infancy, there are still some shortcomings in its development. The existence of these problems has greatly hindered the development of optical fiber communication technology. Based on the understanding of the current development situation of optical fiber communication technology in China, the author will discuss the development, application and future development trend of optical fiber communication technology in order to provide practical and feasible reference suggestions for relevant scholars and staff in the research of optical fiber communication technology.

  

  Optical fiber communication and its related concepts

  

  Optical fiber consists of core layer, outer layer and cladding, in which the refractive index of core layer is greater than that of cladding, and silicide is generally used. When light enters the optical fiber, because the refractive index of the core medium is greater than that of the outer layer, when the incident angle meets certain conditions, total reflection will occur, and the incident light will not be refracted at this time, so that the transmission of optical energy can be close to 100%. The main purpose of the outer layer is to improve the toughness of optical fiber and reduce the external damage to optical fiber. Optical fiber communication is a communication technology based on the above characteristics of optical fiber. It mainly uses light waves as carriers to load information onto light waves, and then realizes the effective transmission of information through low-loss transmission of light waves in optical fiber. It can be said that the development history of optical fiber communication is very rich. Since 1966, scholars have studied silica optical fiber, which has played an important role in promoting the development of optical fiber communication and opened a precedent for the research and development of optical fiber communication technology.

  

  Subsequently, with the continuous development of optical wave amplification technology, optical fiber amplifier came into being, which is of great significance to realize optical amplification of optical fiber optical wave signals and improve the transmission efficiency of optical wave information. At present, optical fiber communication technology mainly includes five aspects: signal is output, signal light wave coupling, optical signal transmission and amplification, light wave signal dissociation and signal input. The main features of optical fiber communication technology are as follows. First of all, we know that perfect monochromatic light waves do not exist, and all light waves contain a little bandwidth.

  

  When the bandwidth value is less than the resolution limit of human eyes, what we see is the so-called monochromatic light waves. The wider the frequency band of light wave, the greater its information content. Compared with copper wire, optical fiber medium has a better transmission bandwidth, which can greatly enhance the information capacity, which is of great significance for the transmission of big data. Secondly, because the total reflection of light is realized, the loss of optical information transmission can be greatly reduced. Furthermore, Shi Ying materials are not active in chemistry, are not easy to be corroded, and have good insulation properties, which can greatly avoid the influence of lightning, water dew and radiation, which is of great significance for ensuring the life of optical fibers. In addition, the optical fiber is flexible and easy to lay, which reduces the process difficulty and cost, and is of great significance for realizing high-security transmission.

Bulk Purchasing Benefits Partnering with a Silicone Embossed Table Mat Supplier

  When it comes to home d└cor or hospitality products, silicone embossed table mats are becoming a go-to option for their durability, versatility, and aesthetic appeal. For businesses and retailers looking to stock these highly sought-after products, partnering with a trusted silicone embossed table mat supplier can provide significant advantages, especially when it comes to bulk purchasing.The data shows that, silicone baby teether Its development potential should not be underestimated, and it is also the inevitability of its existence. https://lxsiliconeparts.com/

  

  At Longfite, a leading silicone embossed table mat supplier, we are committed to providing top-quality products that meet the demands of our clients. With a wide array of customizable options, we help customers elevate their spaces while maintaining functionality and durability.

  

  Bulk Purchasing Benefits: Partnering with a Silicone Embossed Table Mat Supplier

  

  Key Benefits of Bulk Purchasing Silicone Embossed Table Mats

  

  1.Cost Efficiency One of the primary reasons businesses choose bulk purchasing is the cost savings it offers. By ordering in larger quantities, retailers can take advantage of lower per-unit prices, helping them reduce the overall cost of inventory. This is especially beneficial for businesses that need to maintain consistent stock levels for a variety of customers, including restaurants, event planners, and home d└cor stores.

  

  2.Customizability and Design Flexibility As a leading silicone embossed table mat supplier, Longfite understands that unique designs can make a significant impact on customer satisfaction. Bulk orders allow customers to request custom designs, embossing patterns, and colors, ensuring that the table mats align with specific branding or theme requirements. Whether it¨s for corporate gifts, restaurant interiors, or home use, customized silicone table mats are an excellent way to stand out.

  

  3.Consistent Product Quality Purchasing in bulk from a trusted supplier like Longfite guarantees consistency in product quality. Each silicone embossed table mat is made with the same attention to detail, ensuring that the end product maintains the same high standards. Our products undergo strict quality control processes to ensure they meet our clients¨ expectations, preventing any potential variations in texture or color.

  

  4.Timely Delivery Working with an established silicone embossed table mat supplier also ensures on-time delivery, even for bulk orders. We understand the importance of adhering to deadlines, whether you’re launching a new product line or restocking inventory. With Longfite, you can rest assured that your bulk order of silicone table mats will arrive on time, enabling you to plan ahead and keep your customers satisfied.

  

  5.Sustainability and Eco-Friendliness Sustainability is a key consideration for many businesses today. Silicone is a durable, eco-friendly material that can withstand wear and tear over time. Longfite prioritizes the use of high-quality, non-toxic silicone in our products, making our embossed table mats not only practical but also safe for the environment. Partnering with a reliable supplier ensures that you can offer sustainable options to your customers while maintaining a high level of quality.

  

  6.Inventory Management Bulk purchasing helps businesses manage their inventory more effectively. By ordering a larger quantity, companies can avoid frequent reordering, reducing the chances of running out of stock and missing out on sales opportunities. With our customized packaging options and efficient logistics, Longfite ensures that bulk orders are easy to store and manage.

  

  7.Better Profit Margins Due to the lower cost per unit, bulk purchasing allows businesses to mark up their products and sell them at competitive prices while maintaining healthy profit margins. This is especially crucial for small and medium-sized businesses looking to maximize their return on investment without compromising quality or customer satisfaction.

  

  8.Long-Term Partnership Partnering with a reliable silicone embossed table mat supplier fosters a long-term relationship that benefits both parties. By consistently working with a trusted manufacturer like Longfite, businesses can streamline their procurement process and avoid delays or issues with product quality. This relationship allows for better planning, timely restocking, and quicker response times to customer demand.

How EV Charging Cable Reels Retractors Improve Convenience?

  With the growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), the need for efficient and organized charging solutions is more critical than ever. One innovative tool making EV charging more convenient is the EV charging cable reel retractor. These retractors offer a seamless and hassle-free charging experience by keeping cables neatly stored and reducing wear and tear. Let¨s explore how EV charging cable reels retractors improve convenience and enhance your charging routine.In the industry, ev charging cable Has been a leader in the industry, but later came from behind but never arrogant, low-key to adhere to quality. https://www.evyilade.com/

  

  1. Tangle-Free Cable Management

  

  EV charging cables can often get tangled or knotted, leading to inconvenience and potential damage. With a cable reel retractor, you can easily extend the cable to the desired length during charging, and once finished, the retractor smoothly pulls the cable back into its stored position. This eliminates tangling and keeps your charging area tidy and clutter-free.

  

  2. Increased Durability of Charging Cables

  

  When charging cables are left exposed on the ground, they are more prone to damage from being stepped on, run over, or exposed to weather elements. By using a retractor system, cables are securely stored away when not in use, extending their lifespan and maintaining their performance. This saves you from costly replacements and maintenance.

  

  EV Charger Cable Management System Electric Vehicle Charging Cable Retractor

  

  3. Time-Saving and Effortless Operation

  

  The manual coiling and uncoiling of charging cables can be time-consuming and frustrating, especially during bad weather or when in a hurry. EV charging cable reels retractors automate this process, allowing you to effortlessly manage your cables with minimal effort. Simply pull out the cable when needed and let the retractor handle the rest.

  

  4. Enhanced Safety

  

  Loose cables pose a tripping hazard and can be dangerous, especially in public or shared EV charging stations. A retractable cable system ensures that cables are securely stored when not in use, minimizing risks and improving safety for both you and others around the charging station.

  

  5. Sleek and Professional Appearance

  

  In commercial or home charging environments, the appearance of the charging area matters. Cable reel retractors contribute to a sleek, professional look by keeping the charging station clean and organized. This is particularly important for public EV charging facilities, where user experience is key.

  

  6. Compact and Space-Saving Design

  

  For home EV charging setups, space is often limited. A retractable cable reel system takes up minimal space and allows for easy storage of long cables, making it a practical solution for garages or parking spaces where clutter needs to be avoided.

  

  EV Charger Cable Management System Electric Vehicle Charging Cable Retractor

  

  Conclusion

  

  EV charging cable reels retractors are a game-changer in providing a convenient, efficient, and organized solution for electric vehicle owners. They offer tangle-free cable management, increased durability, time-saving operation, enhanced safety, and a sleek appearance. For those seeking to improve their EV charging experience, investing in a cable reel retractor is a smart move.

How to Choose a Car Headrest

  In the process of driving and using a vehicle, many details can affect our driving safety, one of which is the car headrest. Many people mistakenly believe that the headrest is only for comfort, but in reality, it plays a crucial role in driving safety. In rear-end collisions, sudden impacts may subject the body to force, but a suitable headrest can effectively alleviate this risk.Only by working together can we turn car head neck pillow The value of the play out, the development of the supply market needs. https://www.sanlead.cc

  

  car head neck pillow

  

  The Safety Function of Car Headrests

  

  In rear-end or back collisions, an impact hits the vehicle, and great force pushes the passenger¨s body forward, driving the torso ahead while inertia causes the head to lag behind, resulting in severe neck movement. This phenomenon is known as ^whiplash. ̄ The reason it occurs is that the head fails to keep up with the body¨s speed, resulting in excessive pressure and injury to the cervical spine. If the height and position of the headrest are inappropriate, the risk of cervical spine injury will significantly increase, potentially leading to fatal injuries.

What should be paid attention to in the audit of circuit board factory

  Circuit board PCB is the abbreviation of Printed Circuit Board, which means printed circuit board in Chinese. It is a substrate for supporting and connecting electronic components, on which conductive lines and installation positions of electronic components are printed. PCB is widely used in electronic equipment, such as computers, mobile phones, televisions and so on. It is an important part of electronic equipment, which is used to provide electrical connection and machine support. The circuit board factory is the original manufacturer specializing in the production of these circuit boards. If you need to buy PCB products, you need to conduct relevant audits on its manufacturers. In this paper, Shenzhen Lianxiaobian will elaborate on the problems that need attention in the audit of circuit board factory from four aspects.for a long time pcb assembly manufacturer It has an extraordinary development speed, and I believe that the future will be as overwhelming as ever. https://intechcircuit.com/

  

  First, the quality management system

  

  The quality management system of circuit board factory is one of the key points of audit. First of all, we should pay attention to the quality control process, including raw material procurement, production process control and finished product inspection. These processes should be clear, standardized, and can effectively control product quality. Secondly, we should pay attention to quality certification, such as ISO9001 certification. These certifications can prove that PCB factory has certain quality management ability, which is an important basis for customers to choose partners.

  

  Second, the production capacity and equipment status

  

  The production capacity and equipment status of PCB factory are directly related to the quality and delivery capacity of products. In the audit process, we should carefully understand the production capacity of PCB factory, including the number and scale of production lines, production cycle and production capacity. At the same time, we should pay attention to the condition of the equipment, ensure that the equipment can run normally and have a certain maintenance and update plan.

  

  Iii. Environmental management and safety measures

  

  Environmental management and safety measures are issues that modern enterprises must pay attention to. When auditing the PCB factory, we should pay attention to its environmental management measures, including the treatment methods of wastewater, waste gas and solid waste, and whether it complies with relevant environmental laws and regulations. At the same time, we should pay attention to safety measures to ensure that the safety risks in the production process are effectively controlled and the personal safety of employees is guaranteed.

  

  Fourth, supply chain management

  

  Supply chain management is another important aspect of PCB factory audit. First of all, we should pay attention to the procurement of raw materials to ensure the quality and reliability of raw materials. Secondly, we should pay attention to supplier evaluation to ensure that suppliers have certain quality management capabilities and can deliver goods on time. The quality of supply chain management is directly related to the quality and delivery ability of products, and it is the key to the long-term stable operation of PCB factory.

  

  When auditing PCB factories, we need to pay attention to quality management system, production capacity and equipment status, environmental management and safety measures, and supply chain management. Only by fully understanding and grasping these problems can we ensure the selection of suitable PCB factory partners, thus ensuring product quality and delivery capacity. At the same time, PCB factory should actively improve and perfect its own management system to meet the needs and requirements of customers.